Nitin Tagade Md Shams Reza

How Inclusive Is Financial Inclusion in India? Economic and Political Weekly Vol.60; No.40 - 04 Oct. 2025 pp. 58-64

This study examines the patterns of financial inclusion across economic, social, and religious groups in India by measuring financial inclusion at the household level using a multidimensional framework and demand-side data on financial services. The findings reveal that financial inclusion remains unsatisfactory, and it varies across occupational, economic, social, and religious groups in all the states. These disparities are relatively higher in urban areas than in rural ones. The level of financial inclusion of the socio-economically disadvantaged groups, such as Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Muslims, and Buddhists, is lower than that of the socially advantaged groups, and their financial inclusion is relatively better in rural areas compared to urban areas.


Economics


India
Financial inclusion
Financial services
Socio-economically disadvantaged groups